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Unlocking Space and Style: The Rise of Compact Home Lifts in Malaysia
October 07, 2026
Home lifts Malaysia: what a compact unit actually needs, and where it fits in a terrace house, an apartment or the corner of a living room
Malaysian city homes are built tight to the boundary line, and the space left over after the car porch, the garden strip and the staircase is measured in square metres rather than rooms. A compact home lift is the family of equipment designed for that leftover space: small on plan, usually installed without a deep pit or a separate machine room, and in some models meant to read as furniture rather than construction.
This guide covers the drive technologies that make a small footprint possible. It also covers the four positions a unit can occupy in a typical Malaysian home, the finishes you will live with, and the site facts to collect before any supplier quotes a figure. One caution: compact describes the footprint, not the amount of work. The clearances belong to the manufacturer's drawing for your model, not to a general article.
The short version
- Two families avoid heavy civil work. A screw-driven unit travels on a fixed screw and supports itself, while a pneumatic vacuum unit is moved by air pressure and needs no pit and no machine room.
- The site decides the family. An indoor corner with no excavation option points one way, an outdoor run or a house under construction points the other.
- Position beats size. The four common positions are the staircase void, the apartment corner, the external wall and an internal courtyard, and each one changes what has to be built.
- Finishes are a maintenance decision. Glass, timber, stainless steel and powder-coated panels do not age at the same rate or clean the same way.
- No figures here on purpose. Local quotations depend on the site, the model and the scope of work, so this page explains what changes a figure instead of printing one.
01 · Why compact lifts suit Malaysian homes
The case for a small lift in Malaysia is not about fashion. It is about what the average city house has left over once the essentials have taken their space, and about the fact that a lift no longer has to be built the way a commercial one is.
A conventional lift assumes a masonry shaft with a pit below the lowest landing and a machine room somewhere above or beside it. Retrofitting that into a finished terrace house means cutting floors, building walls and finding space for equipment the household never planned for. The families who ask about compact lifts are usually trying to avoid exactly that sequence.
Pressure 01
Land is tight on plan
Terrace and semi-detached houses carry a long narrow footprint, and the staircase, the porch and the service yard take most of the width. Whatever a lift occupies has to come out of the strip that is left.
Pressure 02
Most homes are already finished
The lift is added years after the house was tiled and painted, which makes cutting and rebuilding expensive and disruptive. The complaint that brought the family to this page is usually about the disruption rather than the equipment.
Pressure 03
The interior is visible
A lift inside a Malaysian home sits in the living area rather than in a service core. It is seen from the sofa every evening, so the enclosure and the finish carry as much weight as the mechanism.
Pressure 04
Stairs stop being enough
A two-storey house usually works with a staircase until someone in the household finds the stairs hard going. The lift decision arrives with a person attached to it, and it is rarely planned years in advance.
What changed on the equipment side
Two developments moved the lift out of the construction budget. The first is drive systems that carry their own load instead of relying on a heavy enclosure. The second is the pneumatic vacuum design, which treats the cabin as the moving part of an air cylinder rather than as a car hanging in a shaft.
The practical effect of both is that the building is asked to do less. Neither family is a compromise version of a commercial lift; they are different machines with their own limits, and those limits are what sections two and eight of this page are about.
What this page will not do
It will not print a price band, a minimum footprint or a door width as if those figures belonged to every model. Floor area, opening sizes and clearances are set by the specific unit and confirmed against a site survey, which is why the guidance below is written as questions to settle with a supplier rather than as numbers to copy.
It also will not claim a certification for a product family. Certification is a property of a delivered unit, and the paperwork should be asked for per project.
02 · Screw drive or pneumatic vacuum: two ways to skip the heavy civil work
These are the two families that made the small home lift practical. They share one advantage, that neither needs the deep pit and separate machine room of a conventional installation, and they differ in almost everything else.
The descriptions below are the mechanism and the trade picture as we publish them for this product family. Treat them as a way to sort the two families apart in conversation, and ask each supplier for the drawing that shows how their unit meets your floor.
Screw-driven: the unit carries itself
- A gearless mechanism travels along a fixed screw, so the drive is contained inside the unit rather than spread across the building.
- The design is self-supporting. It asks for minimal structural modification, which is why installation is quick and why a finished house is not automatically excluded.
- It is quiet in operation and efficient to run, and it can be supplied as a platform arrangement where a full cabin is not needed.
- It suits both indoor and outdoor positions, which matters for the external runs common on Malaysian corner and end lots.
Pneumatic vacuum: the building is barely touched
- The cabin is moved by air pressure differential, so there is no counterweight, no piston and no lift shaft in the traditional sense.
- It needs zero pit and zero machine room, which removes the two items that most often push a retrofit into a construction project.
- The cylindrical glass body is a design object as much as a lift, and it is usually placed where it can be seen rather than hidden.
- It reads as furniture in a living space, which is the reason this family appears in apartments and renovated interiors.
Where the two families diverge
Once the pit and the machine room are off the table, the differences that decide a purchase are about position, appearance and what has to be built around the unit. The table below sets them out in the terms a Malaysian household usually raises.
| Point of comparison | Screw-driven | Pneumatic vacuum |
|---|---|---|
| How the cabin movesDrive principle | A gearless mechanism travels along a fixed screw, so the load path runs through the unit itself. | Air pressure differential lifts the cabin inside a sealed tube, with no counterweight and no piston. |
| What the building has to provideCivil work | Minimal structural modification, because the arrangement supports itself instead of leaning on a built shaft. | No pit and no machine room at all, which is the shortest list of building works of the two. |
| Indoor and outdoor usePosition | Used indoors and outdoors, and supplied as a platform arrangement where a full cabin is not required. | Placed indoors as a feature, most often where a glass cylinder can be seen from the living space. |
| Appearance in the roomDesign | Reads as a compact modern lift, with the finish and glazing chosen to match the interior. | Reads as furniture, with a cylindrical glass body that is the point of the design rather than a side effect. |
| Running characterOperation | Quiet in operation and efficient to run, which is the reason this family is widely specified for homes. | Simple mechanically, with the working parts concentrated in the drive rather than along the travel. |
Questions that separate a preference from a decision
Most households arrive with a preference that came from a photograph, and it usually survives the first two questions and not the third. Asking them in this order keeps the discussion about the house.
- Where can the unit stand? A staircase void, a living-room corner and an external wall are three different positions with three different requirements, and the position narrows the family faster than the brochure does.
- What has to be opened to install it? Both families reduce civil work, but the route the components take to the position still has to be walked through the house on paper.
- What happens after ten years? Ask which parts are consumable, how a service visit reaches the drive, and whether the enclosure can be cleaned without disassembly.
The three-question test before you look at either family in detail
- Is there an excavation option? If the floor below the lowest landing cannot be opened, a family that needs no pit starts ahead.
- Does any part of the run sit outdoors? Weather and drainage turn an indoor product choice into a construction detail, so settle the enclosure first.
- Will the unit be seen from the living space? If it stands in the living room, the enclosure is part of the furniture decision and deserves the same attention as the mechanism.
03 · Where the unit can go in a Malaysian house
Position is the decision that shapes everything after it. The same unit costs a different amount of disruption depending on whether it lands in a staircase void, a living-room corner, an external side yard or an internal courtyard.
Four positions cover most installations in terrace houses, semi-detached houses and city apartments. They are described here as site conditions rather than as products, because the questions they raise are answered by a survey, not by a catalogue.
Four positions: pick the one closest to your house
Each button shows what that position asks of the building and what to measure before a supplier visits. Nothing here is a clearance figure; the sizes belong to your drawing.
Staircase void: reuse space the house already reserves
The space beside or above a staircase is the cheapest position in a finished house, because the household has already given the volume away. Check what the void is doing today before claiming it.
- Measure the clear width of the void at each level, and note anything that crosses it, including handrails, beams, pipework and lighting.
- Confirm how the upper floor slab is edged along the void, because the unit has to land on a surface that was not designed as a lift floor.
- Decide whether the lift shares the staircase light or needs its own, since a glazed unit changes how the stair feels in the evening.
Living-room corner: an interior object first
In an apartment or a narrow city house, the corner of the main living space is often the only free footprint. Here the unit is furniture, and the household lives with the decision every day.
- Settle the relationship with the sofa, the television and the walkway, so the lift does not turn a room into a corridor for the sake of the unit.
- Check the floor finish and how the unit meets it, plus where the power point and the control panel can sit without a trailing cable.
- Ask what the back of the unit looks like, because a corner position exposes the side the household will see from the dining table.
External wall: weather becomes a design item
An external run up the side of the house solves the indoor space problem and creates an outdoor one. The enclosure, the drainage and the maintenance route all have to be settled before the unit is chosen.
- Walk the route the components take to the wall, including any gate, drain or air-conditioning unit that would have to move.
- Agree how surface water leaves the base of the structure, and who keeps the joint between the unit and the wall watertight.
- Decide how a technician reaches the drive in ten years, because an external run ages quickly if nobody can get to it.
Internal courtyard: light, drainage and privacy
Courtyards and light wells suit a glass unit, because the structure can be seen from several rooms at once. That visibility is the feature and also the constraint.
- Check what the courtyard was built to do, since many are drainage or ventilation paths for the rooms that face them.
- Confirm the level of the courtyard floor against the interior floor, because a step at either landing changes the approach.
- Consider privacy and glare, as a glass cylinder seen from the first-floor bedrooms is a different object at night than in daylight.
What the position changes about the work
An indoor position is a finishing job. The unit lands in a space that already has a floor, a wall finish and a power supply nearby, and the work is mostly about making the connection clean.
An outdoor or courtyard position is an enclosure job. Water, sun and access decide how the structure is detailed and how easily it is maintained, and those three items are construction rather than equipment.
Walk the route before you choose the position
Every position has a delivery route: gate width, turning space, staircase bends, doorways and any step between the road and the final place. A route that works in the drawing and fails on site is the most common source of extra work on a retrofit.
04 · Sizes, clearances and the units people mix up
Most arguments about whether a compact lift fits come from comparing four different measurements as if they were one. Naming them properly is half the survey.
The vocabulary below is the one worth using with any supplier, including this one. Write the four values on a single sheet for each position you are considering, and the conversation stops drifting.
Outside unit size
The space the lift occupies on plan, including its own frame and enclosure. This is the measurement that decides whether a position is possible at all.
Shaft or void clear size
The clear opening left by the building at each level, measured between finished surfaces. Units that need no built shaft still have to pass through this opening.
Clear opening at the door
The usable width of the entrance once the door and its frame are in place. It is not the same as the structural opening in the wall, and it is the value that decides what can be carried in and out.
Travel height
The vertical distance the cabin covers between its lowest and highest landing, measured floor to floor. Stops, floors served and travel height are three separate numbers and should be written as three.
Headroom above the top landing
The space the unit needs above the highest stop. In houses with a low or sloping roof this is often the constraint that decides the family rather than the footprint.
Why we publish no clearance figures here
Clearances belong to a model and a site. A figure copied from a general page into a survey sheet is worse than no figure, because it makes a wrong assumption look measured.
What a general page can do is make sure you measure the right things and record them the same way twice. The checklist in section seven is written for that job.
Unit converter for measurement notes
Malaysian drawings are usually metric while imported drawings and quotations often arrive in imperial. Convert your own measurements here so both sides of the conversation use the same numbers. This is arithmetic only and adds no engineering value.
Width metres
3.94 feet
Depth metres
4.59 feet
Travel metres
10.50 feet
Door opening millimetres
27.56 inches
The starting values are examples that show how the converter behaves, not recommended sizes for any unit. Replace them with your own measurements.
Reading a specification sheet
When a supplier sends a drawing, three of its values decide the position and the rest describe the product. Read the outside unit size against your free space, the clear door opening against your actual route, and the headroom requirement against what is above the top landing.
- Values to take from the drawing: outside unit size, door clear opening, travel height, headroom above the top landing and the load the unit puts on the floor.
- Values to take from your house: the same list, measured on site, plus the power point position and the route a technician will use.
- Leave until later: cabin finishes, lighting and trim, which can be chosen once the position is fixed but should not decide the position.
05 · Finishes, materials and what you will be cleaning
A home lift is looked at far more often than it is ridden. The finish decision is therefore a daily decision, and it should be made on how each surface behaves in a tropical climate rather than on a showroom photograph.
Four material families cover most of what a compact lift is built from. Timber, stainless steel, glass and powder-coated panels can all be specified for the same unit, and they differ in how they age, how they are cleaned and how much of the mechanism they reveal.
Material 01
Panoramic glass
Glazing lets daylight pass through the unit and makes a compact footprint feel lighter. It also exposes the inside of the cabin to the room, so daily tidiness becomes part of how the lift looks.
Material 02
Timber and veneer
Warm, quiet under the hand and easy to match to a Malaysian interior. The trade is that timber wants a stable indoor position and benefits from a cleaning routine that does not leave standing water.
Material 03
Stainless steel
Hard wearing and undemanding, and the obvious choice for an outdoor run or a busy household. Fingerprints show on polished surfaces, so a brushed finish usually ages better than a mirror one.
Material 04
Powder-coated colour
The widest freedom to match a room, and the easiest surface to touch up. Colour fastness matters more here than anywhere else if the unit stands in daylight or outdoors.
The three questions that settle a finish
Ask where the unit stands, who cleans it and how much of the mechanism you want to see. Those three answers remove more options than any swatch book.
| Material | How it reads in the room | Cleaning and care | Best suited to |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panoramic glass | Open and light, and it makes a small footprint feel less like a box. | Glass cleaner on a soft cloth, and attention to the frame joints where dust collects. | Courtyards, stair voids and living rooms where daylight is welcome. |
| Timber and veneer | Warm and residential, and it hides the working parts of the unit. | Dry cloth routine, no standing water, and protection from direct sun or an outdoor run. | Finished interiors where the lift sits beside joinery and flooring. |
| Stainless steel | Clean and technical, with a brushed face reading softer than a polished one. | Wipe along the grain, and expect a fingerprint routine on polished surfaces. | External runs, kitchens, service yards and households with children. |
| Powder-coated panels | Colour and matching, with a flat finish that suits modern interiors. | Simple washing, and the easiest surface to repair if it is marked. | Interiors where the lift should match a wall rather than stand out. |
Cabin details that are chosen late but noticed daily
- Door style. The door is the part the household touches on every trip, and it is also the part that decides how much of the cabin is visible when the lift is not moving.
- Cabin lighting. A warm interior light makes the unit feel like part of the room, while a bright cool light turns it into equipment. Either is fine, as long as it is chosen rather than inherited.
- Flooring in the cabin. Match it to the landing floor if the unit is indoors, and choose something that tolerates water if any part of the route is external.
A finish note for outdoor positions
In Malaysia, an exposed unit meets sun, rain and humidity on the same surface. Whichever material is specified, ask how the joints are sealed, how water leaves the frame and how the surface is expected to look after a few years of that cycle. Those three answers matter more than the colour.
06 · Everyday value for older residents and anyone with limited mobility
The household that buys a compact lift is usually buying the ability to keep using the whole house. That is a different purchase from adding a feature, and it changes how the unit is judged.
Stairs work for decades and then stop working for one person in the household. When that happens, the alternatives are to move, to close off part of the house, or to change how the floors are reached. A compact lift is the third option, and it is the only one that leaves the house as it is.
Scene 01
An older parent moving in
The first-floor rooms are the ones the household can spare, and the stairs are the one thing that makes them unusable. A lift turns the upper floor back into living space without moving the family.
Scene 02
Recovery after surgery or injury
A temporary need is often the trigger. Households in this position value a short installation, a small footprint and the ability to keep the unit after the recovery is over rather than removing it.
Scene 03
Staying in the house for the long term
Some households install before the need arrives, so the house is ready whichever generation ends up using it. The work is planned rather than urgent, which usually produces a better position.
The decision usually arrives in four steps
-
Step 01
One staircase becomes the problem
Someone starts avoiding the upper floor, or starts planning the day around how often the stairs have to be climbed. This is the point at which the household begins looking, and it is usually earlier than the household admits.
-
Step 02
The cheap alternatives are tested first
Handrails, better lighting, a stair lift and moving a bedroom downstairs are all considered. Each one is compared against how long it will work, and for many households the comparison ends when the plan needs a change to the staircase itself.
-
Step 03
Position and technology are chosen together
The free space in the house decides where the unit can stand, and the position decides whether the excavation-free families are the realistic ones to compare. Doing these two in the other order is what produces a design nobody can build.
-
Step 04
The unit becomes part of the routine
Once installed, the lift is used for the laundry basket, the shopping, the guests and the middle of the night, and rarely just for the trip it was bought for. Households judge the installation on that wider use afterwards.
What to look at with an older resident in the household
Two details decide whether a lift is comfortable rather than merely available, and neither is about the machine.
- Approach at each landing. A short level run to the door matters more to a resident with a walking frame than the cabin size does.
- Lighting after dark. The journey is often made at night, so the control panel, the landing and the route to it should all be usable without turning on the whole house.
- Doors and controls. Reach, grip and the height of the buttons are worth checking in person, with the person who will use the lift most.
07 · What to check before you commit
Take a survey sheet to the site before you compare suppliers. The list below is the one that answers most of the questions a quotation raises.
Work through it once per position you are considering, because the same house can produce different answers at the staircase void and at the external wall.
Site survey list
0 of 10
Sort the two families with three answers
Once the survey sheet is filled in, three of its answers usually point to one family or the other. This tool reads only those three answers, and it produces a shortlist to compare rather than a recommendation to buy.
Compact lift shortlist helper
Answer three questions about the site. Nothing is stored, and the result is a reading of these answers only.
1. Where will the unit stand?
2. What space does the house already have?
3. How much should the lift look like furniture?
These answers point to a screw-driven shortlist first
Five questions to put in writing to any supplier
- What exactly is included? Equipment, the structure or enclosure, delivery, installation, commissioning and the first service visit should be listed separately.
- Name the site conditions that must be true before delivery. Ask for them in writing, including the state of the floor, the supply and the route.
- Request the maintenance interval and its scope. A service interval without a scope of work is only half an answer.
- Confirm the documentation that arrives at handover. That paperwork is what a management office or a future buyer will ask to see.
- Agree who is responsible for the building work. The division between the lift supplier and the building contractor causes more disputes than the equipment does.
08 · What a compact lift does not remove
Compact families remove the pit and the machine room. They do not remove the fact that a lift is a piece of equipment installed into a building by people, and four items stay on the job whatever you choose.
Households that plan for these four from the start describe the project as straightforward. Households that meet them after ordering describe it as a surprise, and the surprise is rarely about the equipment itself.
The four items that stay on the job. None of them is a machine choice, and all four have to be settled with someone before the lift is ordered.
The space still has to be given up
A compact unit occupies less, not nothing. Whether the footprint comes from a staircase void, a corner of the living room or the side of the house, that space stops being available for something else, and the household has to want the trade.
The honest way to test it is to mark the footprint on the floor with tape for a week. A position that looks acceptable on a plan sometimes fails that test, and it is much cheaper to discover that with tape than with a delivered unit.
The supply has to reach the position
- Where the supply comes from. A dedicated circuit taken from the distribution board is routine work in a house under construction and a separate job in a finished one.
- Where the panel sits. The control panel is touched on every trip, so its position is a household decision rather than a technical detail.
- What happens in an outage. Ask what the unit does when the supply fails and whether the household wants anything different, because the answer is a choice rather than a default.
Installation is a visit, not a delivery
Installation includes bringing the components in, assembling the structure, connecting the drive, testing the safety devices and briefing whoever will use the lift. It ends when the household can operate the unit confidently, which is a slightly later moment than the last screw.
Handover is the part worth insisting on. Ask what is demonstrated, what is written down and who is reachable afterwards. A unit handed over with a clear explanation of its controls and its service interval is a different product experience from the same unit left working quietly with nobody briefed.
Service continues after the novelty
- A service interval with a scope. The useful question is not how often a visit happens, but what a routine visit includes and what it leaves to a separate call.
- A route for the technician. Design the position so the drive can be reached without dismantling the room around it, especially on an external run.
- Parts that wear. Ask which components are expected to be replaced during the life of the unit, and whether they are held locally.
Where the cost side is covered
This page is about fitting a compact lift into a Malaysian home. The money side, including what moves a local quotation and why two suppliers rarely agree, is covered separately in our guide to home elevator costs in Malaysia. Neither page prints amounts, and both are written to make a quotation comparable rather than to replace one.
09 · Matching a choice to our range
If the survey points to one of the two families, the next step is the product line rather than a model number. Three of our ranges cover the positions described on this page.
Each range page sets out the arrangement that range works to. Use them to narrow the conversation, then confirm every dimension against the drawing for the specific unit and the survey of your house.
Range 01
For households where the screw family fits the position: a self-supporting arrangement, indoor and outdoor use, and a platform option where a full cabin is not needed.
Range 02
For positions where the unit is meant to be seen: a cylindrical body and a glass enclosure that reads as furniture rather than as a shaft.
Range 03
For small footprints with a conventional lift experience: a compact car and door arrangement aimed at households with very little free space.
Reading the range pages against your survey sheet
- Compare the arrangement, not the headline. Ask how the drive carries its load and what the unit expects from the building, then check that against the four items in section eight.
- Use the overview page for orientation. The product overview lists the full range, which helps when a position turns out to sit between two of them.
- Keep your measurements in one place. A single sheet with the four values from section four, repeated for each position, is the fastest way to compare ranges without starting again.
10 · Questions buyers in Malaysia ask
The questions below are the ones that arrive most often, including the four about cost that lead most households to this subject in the first place. Where an answer would need a figure, this page explains what the figure depends on instead of inventing one.
A local figure is assembled from four parts: the equipment itself, the building work around it, the installation and handover, and the service that follows. Only the first is comparable between two households. Stops, travel, position, the state of the house and the scope given to the contractor all change the other three, which is why the same unit in two houses produces two different totals.
An average is only useful when the projects behind it are alike, and retrofits rarely are. A lift added to a finished terrace house shares little with one built into a new apartment apart from the cabin. Compare instead on the decisions you can control: how many stops, where the unit stands, what the building has to be asked to do, and what the household wants during an outage.
Start with the parts of the job that are not the equipment. Bringing components to the position, opening or reinforcing a floor, taking a supply to the panel, sealing an outdoor run and commissioning the safety devices are all project costs. Households that list those items first usually find their quotations become comparable, and that the equipment is a smaller share than they expected.
Because a band printed without its assumptions is less accurate than the quotation you already have. A number that does not say which city, which building, which access, which scope of building work and which service term it assumes cannot be checked against your project. The alternative this page offers is the list of inputs that make any figure meaningful, in section seven.
Not with either of the two compact families described here. A screw-driven unit travels on a fixed screw and carries its own load, and a pneumatic vacuum unit works by air pressure with no pit and no machine room. What each unit still needs is a defined position, a level base at the bottom landing and a supply at the panel.
That is the situation both families were developed for. Minimal structural modification is the point of the screw arrangement, and no pit or machine room is the point of the vacuum one. The work that remains is measuring the available space, agreeing where the supply and the controls go, and checking the route the parts take into the house.
Outdoor runs are common on Malaysian corner and end lots, and the screw family is specified for indoor and outdoor positions. The deciding items are local: how water leaves the base of the structure, how the joint to the wall is sealed, how much sun the unit meets and how a technician reaches the drive later. Settle those four before choosing finishes.
The honest answer is that the footprint belongs to the model, and the requirement belongs to your house. What can be said generally is which four values to measure: the outside unit size you can accept, the clear opening the building provides at each level, the clear width at the door, and the height you must serve. Section four names them and gives you a converter for the units.
They are better at different jobs. The screw family suits households that need the unit to cope with an indoor or outdoor position and prefer an arrangement that supports itself. The vacuum family suits positions where the unit should look like furniture and where no excavation is possible. The shortlist helper in section seven turns three site answers into a starting comparison.
The screw arrangement is described as quiet in operation, which is one of the reasons it is specified for homes. The wider point is that noise is judged in the room the lift stands in, so a unit placed beside a bedroom and the same unit placed beside a staircase do not feel alike. Ask to hear a running unit rather than relying on a description.
Ask for two things in writing: the service interval and the scope of a routine visit. A compact unit has fewer building components to inspect than a conventional installation, but the drive, the door mechanism and the safety devices still want a schedule. Design the position so a technician can reach the drive without disturbing the room.
An apartment is a different approval conversation from a landed house, because the space is usually shared property and the management office has a say in both the position and the work. Start with the management office and the building plans, and take the unit drawing with you. A compact footprint helps here, and it does not remove the approval step.
A compact home lift in Malaysia is a fit question before it is a product question. Measure the four values, choose the position, decide whether the unit should be seen, and settle the four items that stay on the job. Do that, and the family, the finish and the figure all follow from the house rather than from a brochure.
Send the four measurements and the position you are considering.
Tell us the city, the floors to be served and the space the house can spare. We will come back with which range fits and which questions the survey still has to answer.
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